Sexual side effects of cancer therapy are discussed significantly less frequently in female patients than in male patients, according to a new study, even when the medicine directly affects genital organs. In a high-volume cancer centre, 9 out of 10 males having brachytherapy for prostate or cervical cancer were asked about their sexual health, but just 1 out of 10 women were asked.
The findings suggest that physicians have an opportunity to obtain a better grasp of their patients’ cancer treatment experiences.
“There seems to be a big disparity in the way we approach sexual dysfunction with our patients, where female patients are asked about sexual issues much less often than male patients are,” said Jamie Takayesu, MD, lead author of the study and a radiation oncology resident physician at the University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center in Ann Arbor, Mich. “Equally importantly, we see this trend on a national level in clinical trials.”
Each year, roughly 13,000 news cases of cervical cancer and more than 220,000 new cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed in the U.S. Both diseases respond well to radiation therapy and other treatments, and an estimated 96% of patients with prostate cancer and 67% with cervical cancer survive at least five years after their diagnosis.
Because these patients can generally expect to live a long time following therapy, the possibility of long-term adverse effects such as sexual dysfunction must be considered, according to Dr. Takayesu. Brachytherapy for prostate or cervical cancer involves inserting radioactive sources directly into the tumour, which can be hazardous to the genital organs.
Approximately half of the women who receive cervical brachytherapy have sexual adverse effects, the most prevalent of which are changes in vaginal tissue and dryness, which can cause pain and discomfort. Erectile dysfunction affects between a quarter and half of men who have prostate brachytherapy. Side effects can occur during, following, or long after treatment.
The study design combined a retrospective analysis of institutional data with an analysis of national clinical trials. For the institutional analysis, researchers reviewed consult notes in the records of 201 patients who were treated with brachytherapy for prostate cancer (n=75) or cervical cancer (n=136) between 2010 and 2021.
Sexual health
They found a stark difference between how many male versus female patients were asked about sexual health at their initial consult – 89% of men, compared to 13% of women (p<0.001). None of the patients with cervical cancer had their sexual health assessed with a patient-reported outcomes (PRO) tool, compared to 81% of those with prostate cancer.
The research team also examined how often sexual health was assessed in clinical trials nationwide by analyzing trials in the National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials Database (clinicaltrials.gov) that involved brachytherapy for prostate (n=78) or cervical (n=53 trials) cancer.
Prostate cancer trials, compared to cervical cancer trials, were significantly more likely to include sexual function as a primary or secondary endpoint (17% vs. 6%, p=0.04). They also were more likely to include overall quality of life as an endpoint (37% vs. 11%, p=0.01).
This disparity likely stems from several factors, said Dr. Takayesu, including some specific to the diseases studied. With prostate cancer, for example, patients often have multiple treatment options, and sexual side effects are a common consideration when choosing between therapies. With cervical cancer, however, there is less variability in the treatment paradigm.
But physician comfort in talking about sexual dysfunction with female patients cannot be discounted, she said. “Culturally, there are differences in how we talk about sexual dysfunction that affects men versus women. We see ads on television about erectile dysfunction, for example, but there’s no equivalent to these for women.”
Currently, there are no FDA-approved medications specifically for female sexual dysfunction, although multiple options – medications, implants and other treatments – are available for male impotence.
“The only tools that we commonly recommend for women are lubricants and dilators, but even these are not great options,” said Dr. Takayesu. Several large studies have confirmed that existing treatments for women are often ineffective. “It’s easy for us to prescribe different medications for our male patients, but for our female patients, we don’t have that first step. I think that creates a barrier to bringing these issues up,” she said.
Until more research is conducted to find effective medical options for female sexual dysfunction, interventions such as pelvic floor therapy can provide some relief for patients, said Dr. Takayesu. Survivorship programs and sexual therapists also can help patients better understand possible long-term sexual side effects of cancer and treatment.
And specific to brachytherapy, Dr. Takayesu said sexual function might be preserved through modifications made during the treatment planning process, such as placing the brachytherapy sources differently or tailoring their radiation doses differently.
Ultimately, she said the onus is on doctors to start asking female patients about their sexual health more frequently. “If we don’t know about problems, we can’t solve them.”
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