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From the 50 million cases that exist today, it is predicted that there will be more than 150 million dementia cases globally by 2050. Body mass index (BMI) is a common way to evaluate obesity, and it’s still a problem throughout the world. Previous studies have shown that obesity in middle life may increase the risk of dementia. However, it is still unclear how BMI and the risk of dementia are related.

The Alzheimer’s Association’s journal, Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal, published these findings online. Researchers from the Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine at Boston University, the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College have shown that various patterns of BMI changes throughout the course of a person’s life may be a sign of dementia risk.

“These findings are important because previous studies that looked at weight trajectories didn’t consider how patterns of weight gain/stability/loss might help signal that dementia is potentially imminent,” explained corresponding author Rhoda Au, PhD, professor of anatomy and neurobiology.

A set of individuals in the Framingham Heart Study were tracked for 39 years while having their weight checked around every 2-4 years. The researchers investigated various weight trends (stable, growth, loss) between those who developed schizophrenia and others who did not.

They discovered a greater risk of dementia development was linked to the general trend of decreased BMI. Further investigation revealed a subgroup, though, that looked to be the key to the falling BMI-dementia relationship, with a pattern of initial growing BMI followed by dropping BMI, both happening in midlife.

Au emphasises how simple it is for patients, family members, and primary care providers to keep track of their weight.

“If after a steady increase in weight that is common as one gets older, there is an unexpected shift to losing weight post midlife, it might be good to consult with one’s healthcare provider and pinpoint why. There are some potential treatments emerging where early detection might be critical in the effectiveness of any of these treatments as they are approved and become available,” she added.

The researchers hope this study will illustrate that the seeds for dementia risk are being sowed across many years, likely even across the entire lifespan. “Dementia is not necessarily inevitable and monitoring risk indicators such as something as easy to notice as weight patterns, might offer opportunities for early intervention that can change the trajectory of disease onset and progression.

People who suffer from cluster headaches may be three times more likely to develop heart problems, mental health issues, or other neurologic conditions. According to a research published in the online edition of Neurology®, the official medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology, on December 14, 2022. Cluster headaches are brief but very severe headaches that can last for many days or even weeks. The duration of the headaches might range from 15 minutes to three hours.

“Around the world, headaches have an incredibly negative impact on people’s quality of life, both economically and socially,” said study author Caroline Ran, PhD, of the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden. “Our results show that people with cluster headaches not only have an increased risk of other illnesses, those with at least one additional illness missed four times as many days of work due to sickness and disability than those with just cluster headaches. They also have a higher chance of a long-term absence from work.”

In Sweden, 3,240 cluster headache sufferers aged 16 to 64 were compared to 16,200 others of a comparable age, sex, and other characteristics. The majority of patients had cluster headaches, which is typical. To assess how many days per year people missed from work owing to illness or disability, researchers examined labour records and disability payouts.

2,977 patients, or 92 percent of those with cluster headaches, also had at least one other condition. 12,575 patients, or 78% of those without cluster headaches, had two or more diseases. Women were more likely than males (96% versus 90%) to have other diseases among individuals with cluster headaches.

Persons with cluster headaches missed work an average of 63 days more frequently than people without cluster headaches, who missed an average of 34 days owing to illness and incapacity. In comparison to those with cluster headaches who did not have an additional illness, those with cluster headaches plus at least one other sickness missed four times as many days of work.

“Increasing our understanding of the other conditions that affect people with cluster headache and how they impact their ability to work is very important,” added Ran. “This information can help us as we make decisions on treatments, prevention and prognoses.”

In some regions of the United States, fewer people have received the coronavirus vaccine, which is due in part to vaccine resistance. Wide variations in healthcare coverage, particularly in rural regions, hindered vaccination attempts during the COVID-19 pandemic, according to a study published in the journal Lancet Regional Health. The results highlight a hidden gap in access to healthcare in America between those who have convenient geographic and financial access and those who do not. An multinational team of researchers looked into variations in vaccination rates among 2,417 U.S. counties under the direction of epidemiologist Diego Cuadros from the University of Cincinnati. They discovered that vaccination coverage is influenced by the accessibility of medical resources.

More than 6.3 million people have died as a result of the epidemic globally, including more than 1 million in only the United States. Researchers blame the country’s relatively high death rate on immunisation failures as compared to other nations. The incidence of vaccination varies significantly across the United States, according to Cuadros, an associate professor of geography in the College of Arts and Sciences at UC. He noted that while some people may be hesitant to be immunised due to baseless worries or false information, that only tells a portion of the picture.

“During the pandemic we realized the huge health care disparity we have in this country,” he said. Access to healthcare is hampered by factors including cost, insurance, and transportation. In nationwide studies, 20% or so of Americans have stated that they are opposed to vaccination.

The bigger unvaccinated population is unaccounted for by this. While the majority of people in every state of the United States are now completely immunised, certain states have made significant progress over others. Cuadros said that during the delta and omicron waves, the virus killed the most people in places with poor vaccination rates, highlighting the severe effects that health inequalities may have on marginalised groups.

Even in regions with easy access to health care, the pandemic created significant interruptions to such services, according to co-author Neil MacKinnon, provost of Augusta University in Georgia. Less frequent medical visits resulted in an increase in the number of cancer and other illness cases that went undetected.

“Our study demonstrates that these disruptions were not uniform across the United States,” MacKinnon said. “Many counties, especially those in rural areas, experienced significant disruptions in health care, including the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine itself.”

According to the current data, persons in underprivileged neighbourhoods had a 34% lower likelihood of receiving a COVID-19 vaccination. These included the least vaccinated counties in Nevada, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska.

“America’s healthcare system has improvements to be made to address historical disparities that, as shown in our study, can influence individual-level decision-making,” study co-author and UC geography student Santiago Escobar said. “Our study suggests clear disparities that need to be addressed.”

The study highlights the importance of immunisation in preventing disorders like COVID-19, according to co-author Phillip Coule, M.D., chief medical officer for Augusta University Health in Georgia.

“Those responsible for guiding health policy need to consider issues such as vaccination rates, access to care and health disparities when evaluating outcomes from COVID-19 and other conditions,” he said.

While it’s critical that individuals understand AIDS and take the appropriate steps to prevent it, it’s equally critical that they understand their general sexual health, which includes understanding the many STDs, how they are caught, and how to protect oneself from them. Since there are many different STDs and some of them can be fatal if untreated, it is crucial to regularly get checked for STDs and receive treatment if necessary.

Additionally, it’s critical to practise safe sex, which includes wearing condoms while engaged in sexual activity. It’s also crucial to understand various forms of contraception and learn how to engage in healthy and safe sex. “Sexual health diseases are a full spectrum of diseases including disorders of sexual desire, sexual dysfunction and sexually transmitted infection and they are interrelated.”

A person’s total health, whether it is their physical or mental health, may be measured by their level of positive sexuality. “Controlling your sexual feelings and being aware of the dangers of being careless in your sexual activities is the first and most important guideline to avoid sexual health illnesses. The secret to sexual satisfaction is prevention.

Here are some recommendations for preventing STD exposure:

• Have a single partner and a stable sexual relationship.
• Use a latex condom (male or female condoms) at the time of having vaginal /oral sex.
• Avoid any unnatural sexual activity, it may give genital trauma, and the risk of infection is high.
• Delay having a sexual relationship as long as possible. Physical maturity is not the criteria for starting a sexual activity in teens. Wait for mental and emotional sexual maturity. The younger a person is when they start to have sex for the first time, the more susceptible they are to getting various sexually transmitted infections or probably other sexual health and relationship problems.
• Get vaccinated: Vaccines are available to help protect against hepatitis B and the human papillomavirus. HPV vaccines are given at age of 11-12 years.
• Don’t mix the two, like there is a warning don’t drink and drive, it’s equally applicable don’t drink and have sex as under the influence it is difficult to control sexual behaviour.
• Don’t hesitate to discuss your issues with the doctor because early use of post-exposure prophylaxis can prevent you from getting infected.

Signs and symptoms that might indicate an STI are:

• Sores or bumps on the genital/oral area
• Painful urination in women
• An unusual smelly vaginal discharge or itching in the vagina
• Painful colitis
• Discharge from the penis

Please see a doctor if any of these symptoms appear after having sex.

According to scientists, “Sexual contact between people spreads sexually transmitted illnesses.” STI transmission is widespread and simple to do in the modern world. STIs are entirely treatable and curable in the twenty-first century. It can be stopped, though. Any patient is equally at risk of contracting a STI after having sexual contact with another individual. According to research, STIs may spread to other people through touch with skin, genitalia, mouth, the rectum, and bodily fluids. Additionally, contact during vaginal, anal, and oral intercourse might result in STI infection.

Following are some tips that she advised can help avoid sexual health diseases:

• Avoid sexual contact if the person is carrying some symptoms
• Use of latex or polyurethane condom during vaginal, oral, or anal sex can help reduce the risk of infection.
• Both partners should get vaccinated which will help protect against hepatitis B, and human papillomavirus (HPV).
• Avoid sharing towels
• Wash before and after intercourse.

People may make better decisions about their sexual behaviour and safeguard themselves against both HIV and other sexually transmitted illnesses by being more knowledgeable about sexual health. According to information provided by the National AIDS Control Organization, approximately 17 lakh persons in the country become infected with HIV during the course of the preceding 10 years as a result of unprotected sexual intercourse.

The body’s immune system is the target of HIV. If HIV is not treated, AIDS may develop. The virus can spread by contact with tainted blood, semen, or vaginal secretions. HIV cannot be cured, but it may be managed with the proper medical care. Utilizing the numerous tools that are available to educate individuals about sexual health is crucial. One may contribute to reducing the spread of STDs and enhancing general sexual health by learning about STDs and taking precautions to protect themselves.

List of recommendations for men and women to combat sexually transmitted illnesses and claimed:

Use protection when having sex, even though it offers us the necessary pleasure. This goes for both men and women. To lessen the possibility of STD transmission, condom usage is encouraged.

Practice safe sex: Despite the fact that sex provides us with the necessary pleasure, it is crucial for both men and women to utilise protection. To lessen the possibility of STD transmission, condom usage is encouraged.

Maintain sexual hygiene: Sexual hygiene is highly important when it comes to safe sex practises. From the front to the rear, women should bathe their sensitive areas. Men should use caution when cleaning their foreskins as well. Practice proper hygiene, wash your hands prior to having sex, take care of your mouth, manage body odour, and pass urine both before and after having sex to prevent humiliation.

Limiting the number of sexual partners: Maintain sexual hygiene:Sexual hygiene is highly important when it comes to safe sex practises. From the front to the rear, women should bathe their sensitive areas. Men should use caution when cleaning their foreskins as well. Practice proper hygiene, wash your hands prior to having sex, take care of your mouth, manage body odour, and pass urine both before and after having sex to prevent humiliation.

Ensure medical hygiene: The more partners you have, the greater the chance that one of them has an uncontrolled case of HIV or another STD (STD). Both of these factors have the potential to increase HIV risk. Never trade narcotics for needles, syringes, or other injecting devices. Use new, clean syringes and tools each time you give an injection. The greatest approach to avoid contracting HIV, though, is to avoid injecting drugs.

Stop smoking and consuming alcohol: Alcohol worsens the effects of HIV on the immune system. You can feel weak and your symptoms might get worse as a result. It could also interfere with the HIV medications you are taking. Your ability to think clearly and make wise judgments may be compromised, which might lead to dangerous behaviours like unsafe sex. Additionally, research indicates that smokers with HIV have shorter lives, respond less well to HIV therapy, and are more likely to acquire AIDS.

Get yourself tested: Getting checked is one of the greatest ways to prevent problems related to sexual health. To avoid HIV, make sure to have your partner tested prior to sexual activity. Additionally, it’s crucial to get evaluated for general sexual health. Tests for erectile dysfunction, early ejaculation, libido, semen, fertility, PCOS, and other conditions may be included.

According to a recent Lancet report on the disease, China ranks second in Asia in terms of the number of cervical cancer cases behind India. According to the study, 23% of the world’s cervical cancer deaths—or 40% of all cervical cancer deaths—took place in India and 17% in China. In 2020, there were 3,41,831 fatalities worldwide from cervical cancer and an estimated 6,04,127 new cases. According to the data, India recorded about 21% of all cervical cases. The analysis is based on projections from The Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN) for 2020, which take into account historical, geographic, and socioeconomic changes.

“More than 58% of all cases of cervical cancer globally were estimated in Asia followed by Africa (20%), Europe (10%) and Latin America (10%) and more than half of deaths were estimated in Asia (58%) followed by Africa (22%), and Latin America (9%). Around 39% of all cases occurred in China (18%) and India (21%) and 40% of total deaths from cervical cancer (17% in China; 23% in India),” the study noted.

In addition, it noted that in 173 of 185 nations, the age-standardized incidence of cervical cancer in 2020 exceeded the benchmark established by the WHO’s Cervical Cancer Elimination Initiative. The study also found that there was a distinct and significant socioeconomic gradient between the incidence and death rates of cervical cancer and the mean national HDI values, with progressively lower rates seen as HDI grew.

However, the sharp decline in incidence seen in some nations, including India, Thailand, Brazil, and Poland, could be attributed to a variety of factors, including declines in fertility rates and lower parity, which are declining over successive generations of women, or improvement in the coverage of screening programmes and access to treatment services, particularly in the urban population of the registry catchment areas, the study added.

Cervical cancer is the fourth most prevalent malignancy in women worldwide, affecting an expected 6,04,000 new cases and 3,42,000 fatalities in 2020, with the Region accounting for 32% and 34%, respectively.
According to news agency ANI, the World Health Organization (WHO) has previously stated that India will soon receive human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccinations in an effort to eradicate cervical cancer as a public health issue.

In order to prevent cervical cancer, HPV vaccination programmes have been made available nationally in Bhutan, the Maldives, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Cervical cancer is treatable if detected early, according to Dr. NK Arora, head of the National Technical Advisory Group on Immunization (NTAGI). He added that screening to detect cervical cancer is important after the age of 35 and it needs to be taken as a mission as “India has the largest burden of deaths due to cervical cancer.”

According to a research, two anti-Ebola injections produced immune responses that lasted for at least a year, suggesting they may be able to prevent the virus from spreading for a considerable amount of time. According to a paper from the Partnership for Research on Ebola Vaccines research consortium, researchers examined the vaccines—one from Merck & Co. and a two-dose regimen from Johnson & Johnson and Bavarian Nordic A/S—in 1400 adults and 1401 children who registered from April to December 2018.

According to a research released on Wednesday in the New England Journal of Medicine, people reacted to the injections within two weeks of getting them, with the Merck vaccination plus a booster achieving the best percentage of response.

The unpredictable emergence of Ebola in African nations has been a pain for health officials. In order to combat the Sudan Ebola strain, which is vaccine-resistant and has been responsible for more than 140 confirmed cases and 55 fatalities there, the World Health Organization is collaborating with Uganda.

Cliff Lane, a deputy director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases who contributed to writing the study, said that even though the shots examined in this trial haven’t demonstrated a capacity to prevent the Sudan strain, they may serve as a basis for developing vaccines that do.

The J&J-Bavarian regimen has pre-qualification from the WHO, while the Merck Ervebo Ebola vaccine has already received US licensure. The experiment was unable to compare infection rates in vaccinated and non-immunized individuals since it only evaluated immune responses that suggest the possibility for protection. The study states that no safety issues were discovered during the experiment.

Since the start of the immunisation effort in January 2021, India has achieved impressive strides in protecting its population from Covid-19. However, this endeavour has stumbled since September, when a free window for boosters was eliminated. The rate of vaccination has decreased, despite the fact that a sizable fraction of adults have not yet had booster shots and a sizable portion of teens have not yet received the second dose. This occurs even while new sub-variants are driving an upsurge in several western nations (and China, of course). The four charts that follow provide more information about this.

Covid-19 immunisation is occurring at its slowest rate ever…..

Covid-19 vaccines were in short supply in India when the immunisation campaign got underway in January 2021. It was one of the factors that led to the driving being restricted to adults exclusively in May 2021. Such a supply limitation no longer exists. However, the daily dosage average over the past seven days is at its lowest point ever. India administered an average of 42,726 doses per day in the week ending December 13, which is less than half the pace of 78,483 doses per day in the first week of vaccination in India last year, when only medical professionals were eligible.

…..Strangely, not everyone has received the full course of the vaccination, which is three doses

If the majority of individuals had received all necessary vaccinations, vaccination rates would be low. That is not the case, though. When it comes to teens, who became eligible for two doses of immunisation in January of this year, the majority of adults appear to have received at least two doses of the vaccine. According to information from the official Co-WIN dashboard, those between the ages of 12 and 18 presently receive an average of 1.30 doses as opposed to the average of 1.97 doses for adults (excluding boosters).

What particular age groups are covered by the various doses? This statistic is not available through the Co-WIN API or dashboard. However, it may be determined using information that the health ministry releases each day in a news release. From November 1, the ministry ceased disseminating this information. According to the press release from October 31, 8% of adults, almost one-fourth of people in the 15–18 age range, and more than half of people in the 12–15 age range had not yet received their second dosage. At the end of October, 135 million individuals still hadn’t received their second dosage. In addition, 719 million adults, or more than 75% of the population, have not yet received their booster injection. It is fair to infer that none of these data have changed much after November 1 because just 3.34 million doses have been provided since that date.

If vaccination rates are low, the rise in cases in the US, Europe, and China might have an impact on India

The low vaccination uptake, as HT has already noted (https://bit.ly/3iXLE5o), is in part due to complacency. This is acceptable given the current low number of new cases, which averaged 193 for the week ending December 12. It does not, however, imply that the epidemic is gone or that vaccination is no longer necessary. At the end of last month, cases in China hit an all-time high, while there has been a considerable increase in other European and American nations. Despite Christmas being some time away, the most recent average of daily cases in nations including the US, Italy, France, Germany, and others is between 8% and 20% of these nations’ all-time peaks. If India wishes to safeguard its citizens against this outbreak entering the nation, its vaccine campaign must be put on hold.

India has to revamp its immunisation programme in addition to providing additional booster shots

The fact that the increase in instances overseas is occurring even in nations with comparatively higher vaccination rates is crucial to keep in mind. Why is this taking place? According to a research that was just published in Nature Medicine, the Omicron variant’s novel sub-variants (BQ.1.1 and XBB.1), which were responsible for the third wave in India earlier this year, are not responding well to boosters. According to outbreak.info data, the B.Q.1.1 strain is in fact the most prevalent one in the nations seeing a rise. This sub-variant has not yet been observed in India, which also samples fewer instances for sequencing. It is obvious that India has to consider modernising its vaccinations for these sub-variants. It must at the very least motivate them to take all of their prescribed dosages. At least one-third of those who were qualified had had their last dosage at least nine months prior to October, when this computation was still feasible. This won’t offer enough defence against the new sub-variants.

Acidity may increase or decrease throughout the winter. This is probably due to the fact that people spend more time inside during the winter, exercise less frequently, and eat more fatty, hot, and junk food. An increase in caloric intake and a decrease in physical activity result in a higher body mass index than in the summer. Acid reflux is the end outcome of slow digestion, which is caused by all of these factors.

In other words, if people eat too much of the improper foods and are physically inactive, the digestive process might be the cause of a major illness like acid reflux. The risk of acid reflux is linked to several biological traits in addition to reduced exercise and digestive issues.

Another factor to consider while managing acid reflux is how little sunlight you get throughout the winter. Whether you live in a colder area or have shorter days in the winter, this season may drastically restrict your exposure to sunlight.

When your skin receives significantly less sun exposure, your body generates far less vitamin D. When the skin absorbs sunlight, the body produces this vitamin. Low vitamin D levels may cause the oesophageal sphincter to relax, enabling acid to enter the oesophagus. Find out which foods might help prevent dyspepsia in the winter by reading on.

The following meals can help you avoid dyspepsia during winter:

1. Apple cider vinegar: Apple cider vinegar is one of the most effective and tried-and-true methods for reducing acidity. It counterbalances the effects of the stomach’s acid because of its essential nature. You may mix water, honey, and apple cider vinegar to drink.

2. Ghee: In order to keep the body’s temperature stable, ghee is widely used to prepare a variety of winter delights. warm. Ghee not only helps with digestion but also boosts immunity throughout the winter. Ghee supports healthy gut bacteria, which are necessary for effective digestion.

3. Coconut water: The benefits of coconuts are numerous. It facilitates digestion by raising the body’s pH because of its high fibre content. The adverse effects of the additional acid are neutralised by this. In addition, mucus is created to protect the stomach lining from the damaging effects of the acid.

4. Jaggery: Before going to night, jaggery is frequently mixed with hot milk. This custom of taking little amounts of jaggery before night supports the scientific fact that jaggery contains magnesium, which strengthens the intestines. When we ingest jaggery, our strong intestines defend against and battle acidity.

5. Ginger: Ginger’s natural anti-inflammatory properties lessen heartburn and indigestion. It soothes the stomach and assists in reducing the amount of acid that rises into the oesophagus. Ginger is also thought to absorb excess stomach acid, promoting digestion and reducing acidity.

6. Oatmeal: Oatmeal made from whole grains is a great source of fibre and is popular as a morning food. Acid reflux is typically associated with a diet high in fibre. Rice and whole-grain bread are potential additional sources of fibre.

If you frequently get indigestion, consider include these items in your diet.

While the winter’s chilly, wet weather provides much-needed reprieve from the sweltering heat, it also presents a number of health problems. Upper respiratory tract infections, which can have a negative impact on one’s general health, are more prevalent in the winter. You may get some advice that will help you keep healthy during the winter in the article below.

Winter has here at last! During this time, many events, family gatherings, and vacations are attended. Not to mention that it is also cold and flu season, which makes illnesses like arthritis, psoriasis, eczema, asthma, pneumonia, and bronchitis worse. Numerous studies have also demonstrated that the winter months are a high-risk time for cardiac issues including heart attacks. Reduced humidity levels and physical inactivity are to blame for decreased immunity during the winter months. Therefore, it’s crucial that everyone remain well over the winter. Internal medicine specialist Dr. Samrat Shah of Apollo Spectra in Pune offers some tried-and-true tips for avoiding winter diseases.

Simple Winter Immunity-Boosting Techniques:

Stay hydrated: To help your body rid itself of pollutants, drink plenty of water. Water should be substituted for alcoholic, caffeinated, and carbonated beverages since they are far less likely to contain preservatives. Herbal tea has antimicrobial qualities and helps strengthen the immune system throughout the winter.

Avoid salty foods: Consume low-sodium meals since too much salt might cause your blood pressure to rise. Reduce your intake of processed, canned, spicy, fatty, and junk food.

Have plenty of fresh fruits: Fruits can keep you feeling energetic. Choose pears, pomegranates, berries, and apples. Consuming seasonal fruits might help you stay healthy and fit.

Exercise: Although it might be challenging to find the motivation to workout in the cold, you must. Maintaining your physical fitness during the winter will help you maintain a healthy weight and live a stress-free life. Exercise on a regular basis helps ease joint discomfort. To prevent any form of injury, take your time warming up before exercising.

Get enough sunlight: People are unable to obtain sunshine since they often spend less time outside. Are you informed? Depressive symptoms and even SAD can be brought on by less sunshine exposure (SAD). Make sure you get some sunlight this winter by getting outside. Additionally, you can discuss the vitamin D supplements that you can take with your specialist.

A 5-year-old girl in Karnataka tested positive for the Zika virus, and precautions have been suggested, according to a Pune lab report. Health Minister Dr K Sudhakar, said, “This is the first case in the state and the government is monitoring the situation very carefully. Our department is well prepared to handle it”.

According to the health authority, a 67-year-old male was discovered to have the Zika virus earlier this month in Pune’s Bavdhan neighbourhood. The guy, who calls Nashik home, arrived in Pune on November 6. He arrived at Jahangir Hospital on November 16 with a fever, cough, joint discomfort, and exhaustion. On November 18, a private laboratory made the Zika virus diagnosis. According to the health department, the patient is clinically stable and has no issues.

The same month, Maharashtra Health Department said, “A case of Zika virus reported in Maharashtra. A 67-year-old man patient was found in Bavdhan Pune city, he is originally from Nashik and had come to Pune on November 6, earlier on October 22 he had travelled to Surat. On November 30 National Institute of Virology had confirmed the Zika virus infection in him. Currently, the patient is clinically stable and has no complications.”

To prevent further outbreaks, an entomological survey of the Zika virus in Pune city is being conducted. Following the 2016 epidemic in Brazil, the Zika virus disease (ZVD) is regarded as one of the major public health issues of concern.
This illness, which is brought on by a virus largely spread by the daytime-biting Aedes mosquito, has moderate fever, rashes, conjunctivitis, soreness in the muscles and joints, malaise, and headaches as symptoms.

The increasing prevalence of microcephaly, congenital Zika disease, and Guillain-Barre syndrome has been linked to a mosquito-borne flavivirus. Numerous ZVD outbreaks have been documented in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands since the disease was first identified in the Zika forest in Uganda in 1947.